The current status of computer-aided design of mechanisms is reviewed. The available software is described and several industrial examples are presented to illustrate current trends in the field of linkage design and analysis. Future strategies and CAD environments are also discussed.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
1.
Erdman
A. G.
1981
, “Computer-Aided Design of Mechanisms: 1984 and Beyond
,” Mechanism and Machine Theory Journal
, Vol. 20
, No. 4
, pp. 245
–50
.2.
Erdman, A. G., ed., 1993, Modern Kinematics: Developments in the Last Forty Years, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3.
Freudenstein, F., 1961, Proceedings: International Conference on Mechanisms, F. R. Erskine Crossley, ed., The Shoestring Press, pp. 44–54.
4.
Kemler, E. N., and Howe, R. J., 1951, Machine Design, No. 23.
5.
Sandor, G. N., 1959, “A General Complex Number Method for Plane Kinematic Synthesis with Applications,” Doctoral dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University.
6.
Freudenstein
F.
Sandor
G. N.
1959
, “Synthesis of Path-Generating Mechanisms by Means of a Programmed Digital Computer
,” ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry
, 81B
, No. 2
, pp. 159
–168
.7.
Burmester, L., 1888, Lehrbuch der Kinematik, Leipzig, Germany, A. Felix Verlag, pp. 599–623.
8.
Sheth
P. N.
Uicker
J. J.
1971
, “IMP (Integrated Mechanism Program): A Computer-Aided Design Analysis System for Mechanisms and Linkages
,” ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry
, Vol. 93
, pp. 102
–112
.9.
Orlandea, N., 1973, “Development and Application of Node Analogous Sparcity-Oriented Methods for Simulation of Mechanical Dynamic Systems,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan.
10.
Paul, B., 1977, “Dynamic Analysis of Machinery via Program DY-MAC,” SAE Paper 770049, Warrendale, PA.
11.
Haug
E. G.
Wehage
R. A.
Barman
N. C.
1982
, “Dynamic Analysis and Design of Constrained Mechanical Systems
,” ASME Journal of Mechanical Design
, Vol. 104
, pp. 778
–784
.12.
William, R., 1986, “MICRO-MECH, A Mechanical Analysis System for Microcomputers,” Users Guide.
13.
Vadnagarwala, M., 1988, “KADAM 2, A Comprehensive Package For Analysis of Planar Mechanisms,” M.S. Project, University of Minnesota.
14.
Wiley, J. C., Romiz, B. E., Orlandea, N., Berenyi, T. A., and Smith, D. W., 1979, “Automated Simulation and Display of Mechanisms and Vehicle Behavior,” Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, pp. 680–683.
15.
Teschler, L., 1994, “Smooth Moves,” Machine Design, pp. 44–48, May 23.
16.
Working Model User’s Guide, Knowledge Revolution.
17.
Hollars, M. G., and Rosenthal, D. E., 1991, “Concurrent Design and Analysis of Mechanisms,” Computers in Engineering, ASME, Book No. G0639A, pp. 315–316.
18.
Ho, Chengta, Erdman, A. G., and Riley, D. R., 1994, “Minnsketch ©: A Graphic Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis Tool for Planar Mechanism Design,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Elements and Machine Dynamics, DE-Vol. 71, pp. 401–412.
19.
Nisbett, J. K., and Barker, R. C., 1993, “A Kinematically Intelligent Blackboard Environment with a Unique Sketching Method,” Proceedings of Third National Applied Mechanisms and Robotics Conference, AMR-93-052.
20.
Nisbett, J. K., and Barker, R. C., 1993, “Use of the Prime Number Principle to Improve the Efficiency of the Automated Determination of Independent Kinematic Loops,” Proceedings of Third National Applied Mechanisms and Robotics Conference, AMR-93-053.
21.
Sandor, G. N., and Erdman, A. G., 1984, Advanced Mechanism Design: Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. 2. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc.
22.
Freudenstein, F., and Maki, E. R., 1980, “The Creation of Mechanisms According to Kinematic Structure and Function,” General Motors Research Publications, GMR-3073, September 1979; International Journal for the Science of Architecture and Design.
23.
Olson, D., Erdman, A. G., and Riley, D., 1987, “A New Graph Theory Representation for the Topological Analysis of Planetary Gear Trains,” Proceedings of the Seventh World Congress on the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Vol. 3, pp. 1421–1426.
24.
Olson, D., Erdman, A. G., and Riley, D., 1988, “Topological Analysis of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Planetary Gear Trains,” Trends and Developments in Mechanisms and Robotics, DE-Vol. 15-1, pp. 125–131.
25.
Artobolevsky, I. I., 1986, Mechanisms in Modern Engineering Design, Volumes 1–3. Moscow, MTR Publishers.
26.
Jones, F. D., Horton, H. L., and Newell, J. A., eds., 1930, Ingenious Mechanisms for Designers and Inventors, Volumes 1–4. New York, Industrial Press.
27.
Reuleaux, F., Kinematics of Machinery, Translation by A. B. W. Kennedy, London, Macmillan and Co. Ltd.
28.
Davies, T. H., and Crossley, F. E., 1966, Journal of Mechanisms 1, pp. 171–182.
29.
Denavit, J., and Hartenberg, R. S., 1955, “A Kinematic Notation for Lower-Pair Mechanisms Based on Matrices,” Transactions of the ASME, pp. 215–221.
30.
Denavit, J., and Hartenberg, R. S., 1954, “Systematic Mechanism Design—1,” Machine Design, pp. 167–175.
31.
Freudenstein, F., and Dobrjanskyj, L., 1964, “On a Theory for the Type Synthesis of Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference of Applied Mechanics, pp. 420–428.
32.
Freudenstein
F.
1967
, “The Basic Concepts of Polya’s Theory of Enumeration with Application to the Structural Classification of Mechanisms
,” Journal of Mechanisms
, Vol. 3
, pp. 275
–290
.33.
Crossley
F. R. E.
1965
, “The Permutations of Kinematic Chains of Eight Members or Less from the Graph-theoretic Viewpoint
,” Developments in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
, Vol. 2
, pp. 467
–486
.34.
Erdman, A. G., Thompson, T. R., and Riley, D. R., 1986, “Type Selection of Robot and Gripper Kinematic Topology Using Expert Systems,” International Journal of Robotics Research.
35.
Hoeltzel
D. A.
Cheng
W.-H.
Zissimides
J.
1988
, “Knowledge Representation and Planning Control in an Expert System for the Creative Design of Mechanisms.
” AI EDAM
, Vol. 1
., No. 2
, pp. 119
–137
.36.
Soni
A. H.
Dado
M.
Weng
Y.
An Automated Procedure for Intelligent Mechanism Selection and Dimensional Synthesis
,” ASME Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions and Automation in Design
, Vol. 110
, pp. 130
–137
.37.
Kota, S., 1990, “A Qualitative Matrix Representation Scheme for Conceptual Design of Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the 1990 ASME Mechanisms Conference, September.
38.
Murphy, M. D., Midha, A., and Howell, L. L., 1994, “Type Synthesis of Compliant Mechanisms Employing A Simplified Approach to Segment Type,” Proceedings of the ASME Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 51–60.
39.
Murphy, M. D., Midha, A., and Howell, L. L., 1994, “Methodology for the Design of Compliant Mechanisms Employing Type Synthesis Techniques with Example,” Proceedings of the ASME Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 61–66.
40.
Uicker
J. J.
Raicu
A.
1975
, “A Method for the Identification of and Recognition of Equivalence of Kinematic Chains
,” Mechanism and Machine Theory
, Vol. 10
, pp. 375
–383
.41.
Huang
M.
Soni
A. H.
1973
, “Application of Linear and Nonlinear Graphs in Structural Synthesis of Kinematic Chains
,” ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry
, Vol. 95
, pp. 525
–532
.42.
Kota
S.
Erdman
A. G.
Riley
D. R.
Esterline
A.
Slagle
J. R.
1988
, “A Network Based Expert System for Intelligent Design of Mechanisms
,” Artificial Intelligence in Engineering Design, Analysis, and Manufacturing (AIEDAM)
, Vol. 2
, No. 1
, pp. 17
–32
.43.
Murthyunjaya
T. S.
Ragavan
M. R.
1984
, “Computer-Aided Analysis of the Structure of Kinematic Chains
,” Mechanism and Machine Theory
, Vol. 19
, pp. 357
–368
.44.
Murthyunjaya
T. S.
1985
, “A Systematic Procedure for Type Synthesis of Mechanisms with Literature Review
,” Mechanism and Machine Theory
, Vol. 20
, pp. 285
–295
.45.
Olson
D. G.
Thompson
T. R.
Riley
D. R.
Erdman
A. G.
1985
, “An Algorithm for Automatic Sketching of Planar Kinematic Chains
,” ASME Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design
, Vol. 107
, pp. 106
–111
.46.
Sohn
W.
Freudenstein
F.
1986
, “An Application of Dual Graphs to the Automatic Generation of the Kinematic Structures of Mechanisms
,” ASME Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design
, Vol. 108
, pp. 392
–398
.47.
Soni
A. H.
Dado
M. H. F.
Weng
Y.
1988
, “An Automated Procedure for Intelligent Mechanism Selection and Dimensional Synthesis
,” ASME Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design
, Vol. 110
, pp. 130
–137
.48.
Thompson, T. R., Riley, D. R., and Erdman, A. G., 1985, “An Expert System Approach to Type Synthesis of Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the ASME Computers in Engineering Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 71–76.
49.
Titus, J. E., Erdman, A. G., and Riley, D. R., 1990, “Techniques for Type Synthesis of Mechanisms,” NSC-NSF Joint Seminar on Recent Developments in Machine Design, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, November 11–12.
50.
Tuttle, E. R., Peterson, S. W., and Titus, J. E., 1988, “Enumeration of Basic Kinematic Chains Using the Theory of Finite Groups,” Trends and Developments in Mechanisms, Machines, and Robotics, Vol. 1, pp. 173–177, ASME Design Technology Conference.
51.
Hoetzel
D. A.
Cheng
W. H.
1990
, “Knowledge-Based Approaches for Creative Synthesis of Mechanisms
,” Computer-Aided Design
, Vol. 22
, No. 1
, pp. 57
–67
, Butterworth and Co.52.
Yan
H. S.
Chen
J. J.
1985
, “Creative Design of a Wheel Damping Mechanism
,” Mechanism and Machine Theory
, Vol. 20
, No. 6
, pp. 597
–600
.53.
Rubel, A. J., and Kaufman, R. E., 1988, “KINSYN 3: A New Human-Engineering System for Interactive Computer Aided Design of Planar Linkages,” ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry, Vol. 99, No. 2.
54.
Waldron, K. J., and Song, S. M., 1981, “Theoretical and Numerical Improvements to an Interactive Linkage Design Program, RECSYN,” Proceedings of the Seventh Applied Mechanisms Conference, Kansas City, MO, pp. 8.1–8.8.
55.
Rankers, H., van den Berg, C. B., van Dij, A., Klein Breteler, A. J., and van der Werff, K., 1979, “Computer Aided Design of Mechanisms—The CADAM Project of the Delft University of Technology,” Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Montreal, Canada, pp. 667–672.
56.
Barker, C., 1985b, “SYNTRA—An Interactive Program to Design Grashof Planar Four-Bar Mechanisms,” Engineering Software 4: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference, Kensington Exhibition Centre, London, England, pp. 15-77–15-91, June.
57.
Barker, C. R., and Tso, P.-L., 1988, “Three Position Path Generation of Planar Four-Bar Mechanisms Using SYNTRA,” ASME Trends and Developments in Mechanisms, Machines, and Robotics, Vol. 1, pp. 279–86.
58.
Erdman, A. G., and Gustafson, J. E., 1977, “LINCAGES: Linkage INteractives Computer Analysis and Graphically Enhanced Synthesis Packages,” ASME Paper No. 77-DET-5.
59.
Chase, T. R., Erdman, A. G., and Riley, D., 1981, “Synthesis of Six-Bar Linkages Using an Interactive Package,” Proceedings of the 1981 OSU Applied Mechanisms Conference, Kansas City, MO, No. 51.
60.
Nelson, L., and Erdman, A. G., 1994, “Recent Enhancements to the Lincages-6 Synthesis Package, Including Circuit Rectification,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 263–272.
61.
Luck
K.
Modler
K.-H.
1994
, “Synthesis of Guidance Mechanisms
,” Journal of Machine Theory
, Vol. 29
, No. 4
, pp. 525
–533
.62.
Luck
K.
1994
, “Computer-Aided Mechanism Synthesis Based on the Burmester Theory
,” Journal of Machine Theory
, Vol. 29
, No. 6
, pp. 877
–886
.63.
Erdman, A. G., and Sandor, G. N., 1991, Mechanism Design: Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., New Jersey, Prentice Hall Inc.
64.
Loerch, R. J., Erdman, A. G., and Sandor, G. N., 1979, “On the Existence of Circle-Point and Center-Point Circles for Three Precision-Point Dyad Synthesis,” Journal of Mechanical Design, pp. 554–62, October.
65.
Cheng, P-M., Rizq, R. N., and Erdman, A. G., 1994, “MK Circles: An Interactive Computer Graphics Design Tool to Solve The Generalized Three-Precision-Position Synthesis Problem,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 273–280.
66.
Kramer
S. N.
Sandor
G. N.
1975
, “Selective Precision Synthesis-A General Method of Optimization for Planar Mechanisms
,” ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry
, Vol. 97B
, No. 2
, pp. 689
–701
, May.67.
Kramer
S. N.
1979
, “Selective Precision Synthesis of the Four-Bar Motion Generator with Prescribed Input Timing
,” ASME Journal of Mechanical Design
, Vol. 101
, No. 4
, pp. 614
–18
, October.68.
Mirth, J. A., 1994, “Quasi-Precision Position Synthesis of Four-Bar Linkages,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 215–220.
69.
Waldron
K. J.
1976
, “Elimination of the Branch Problem in Graphical Burmester Mechanism Synthesis for Four Finitely Separated Positions
,” ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry
, Vol. 98
, pp. 176
–82
.70.
Waldron
K. J.
1978
, “Improved Solutions of the Branch and Order Problems of Burmester Linkage Synthesis
,” Journal of Mechanism and Machine Theory
, Vol. 13
, pp. 199
–207
.71.
Chase, T. R., and Mirth, J. A., 1990, “Circuits and Branches of Single Degree-of-Freedom Planar Linkages,” ASME Journal of Mechanical Design.
72.
Waldron
K. J.
1978
, “Location of Burmester Synthesis Solutions with Fully Rotatable Cranks
,” Journal of Mechanism and Machine Theory
, Vol. 13
, pp. 125
–37
.73.
Mirth, J. A., 1990, “Solution Rectification for the Multiple Circuit and Transmission Angle Problems in Four Position Synthesis of Six-Bar Linkages,” Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.
74.
Mariappan, J., and Krishnamurty, S., 1994, “Determination of Branch Free and Circuit Free Solutions During Synthesis of Multiloop Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 329–336.
75.
Waldron, K., and Sreenivasan, S. V., 1994, “A Study of the Position Problem for Multi-Circuit Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 337–348.
76.
Davis, H. P., Chase, T. R., and Mirth, J., 1994, “Circuit Analysis of Stephenson Chain Six-Bar Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 349–358.
77.
Holte, J. E., and Chase, T. R., 1994, “A Force Transmission Index for Planar Linkage Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 377–386.
78.
Tylaska, T., and Kazerounian, K., 1994, “Synthesis of Defect Free Six-Bar Linkages for Body Guidance Through Up to Six Separated Positions,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 369–376.
79.
Mirth, J. A., 1994, “General Order Criteria for the Precision Position Synthesis of Single Degree-of-Freedom Planar Linkages,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 245–252.
80.
Bawab, S., Kinzel, G. L., and Waldron, K. J., 1994, “Rectified Synthesis of Six-Bar Mechanisms with Well Defined Transmissions Angles for Four-Position Motion Generation,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 253–262.
81.
Vierstra, B., and Erdman, A. G., 1994, “Redesign of Polaroid’s Captiva Camera Mirror Positioning Mechanism,” Submitted to Mechanism and Machine Theory Journal.
82.
McCarthy, J. M., 1993, “The Opposite Pole Quadrilateral as a Compatability Linkage for Parameterizing the Center Point Curve,” ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 115.
83.
Murray, A. P., and McCarthy, J. M., 1994, “Five Position Synthesis of Spatial CC Dyads,” Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conference, Mechanism Synthesis and Analysis, DE-Vol. 70, pp. 143–152.
84.
Thatch
B. R.
Myklebust
A.
1988
, “A PHIGS-Based Graphics Input Interface for Spatial-Mechanism Design
,” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
, Vol. 8
, pp. 26
–38
.85.
Bodduluri
M.
McCarthy
J. M.
1992
, “Finite Position Synthesis Using the Image Curve of a Spherical Four Bar Motion
,” ASME Journal of Mechanical Design
, Vol. 114
, pp. 55
–60
.86.
Fichter, E., Smith, G., Todd, P., and Wagner, F., 1992, The Atlas of Linkage Design and Analysis: Vol. 1, The Four-Bar Linkage, Beaverton, OR, Saltire Software Inc.
This content is only available via PDF.
Copyright © 1995
by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
