... of six pipe diameters exhibits a hardening effect when total strain exceeds 3.5%, though a strain up to 1% is deemed sufficient for pipeline design. The study examines the effects of ovality modes and boundary conditions such as NOWARP and NOOVAL on the bending response. ELBOW31 with one or two ovality...

.... In general, creep evaluations are conducted from the stress-based and strain-based strategies, but comparative studies on the extent of conservatism of these two design strategies are rarely included. In this work, creep test data of the notched components made of 9–12% Cr steel conducted by authors...

... computation from outer wall strain measurements is presented. The method is based on assuming stepped pressure load affecting on tube inner wall surface, when the projectile passes the measurement point. Although the analysis method was simplified, it was found to give useful and reliable results...

... that affect the severity of the mechanical damage related to the pipe geometry and material properties, the defect geometry and boundary conditions, and the pipe state of strain and stress. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of geometry, material, and pressure variability on strain...