Abstract
In this research, we proposed fabrication process of optical fiber sensors using femtosecond laser and their applications. A beam of femtosecond laser was focused by an objective lens in the optical fiber. By testing different conditions, a group of machining parameters was found that achieve a minimum machining resolution of 3.2 μm. To ablate the core of the optical fiber, which is buried deep inside the cladding, precisely, part of the cladding was removed to expose the core as close as possible to the air. By making a complex pattern to modify the optical path of the laser inside an optical fiber, a sensitivity of 942.8–1015.6 nm per refractive index unit (nm/RIU) was obtained for liquid refractive index sensing. For another sensor, a sensitivity of 1.38 × 105 nm/RIU was obtained, which is high enough to detect small amount of refractive index change of air. It is known to be the first time that we fabricated a complex microstructure in an optical fiber to modify the propagation of the light using femtosecond laser. This research shows the possibility of a complex modification of light in an optical fiber using laser machining.
References
1.
Paixão
,
T.
,
Araújo
,
F.
, and
Antunes
,
P.
, 2019
, “
Highly Sensitive Fiber Optic Temperature and Strain Sensor Based on an Intrinsic Fabry–Perot Interferometer Fabricated by a Femtosecond Laser
,” Opt. Lett.
,
44
(19
), pp. 4833
–4836
.10.1364/OL.44.0048332.
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Liao
,
C.
,
Lin
,
C.
,
Shao
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
Y.
, and
Wang
,
Y.
, 2019
, “
Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractive Index Sensor Based on Fiber-Interface Waveguide Inscribed by Femtosecond Laser
,” Opt. Lett.
,
44
(10
), pp. 2434
–2437
.10.1364/OL.44.0024343.
Huang
,
B.
, and
Shu
,
X.
, 2018
, “
Highly Sensitive Torsion Sensor With Femtosecond Laser-Induced Low Birefringence Single-Mode Fiber Based Sagnac Interferometer
,” Opt. Exp.
,
26
(4
), pp. 4563
–4571
.10.1364/OE.26.0045634.
Hadden
,
J. P.
,
Bharadwaj
,
V.
,
Sotillo
,
B.
,
Rampini
,
S.
,
Osellame
,
R.
,
Witmer
,
J. D.
,
Jayakumar
,
H.
,
Fernandez
,
T. T.
,
Chiappini
,
A.
,
Armellini
,
C.
,
Ferrari
,
M.
,
Ramponi
,
R.
,
Barclay
,
P. E.
, and
Eaton
,
S. M.
, 2018
, “
Integrated Waveguides and Deterministically Positioned Nitrogen Vacancy Centers in Diamond Created by Femtosecond Laser Writing
,” Opt. Lett.
,
43
(15
), pp. 3586
–3589
.10.1364/OL.43.0035865.
Li
,
L.
,
Nie
,
W.
,
Li
,
Z.
,
Zhang
,
B.
,
Wang
,
L.
,
Haro-González
,
P.
,
Jaque
,
D.
,
de Aldana
,
J. R. V.
, and
Chen
,
F.
, 2019
, “
Femtosecond Laser Writing of Optical Waveguides by Self-Induced Multiple Refocusing in LiTaO3 Crystal
,” J. Lightwave Technol.
,
37
(14
), pp. 3452
–3458
.10.1109/JLT.2019.29170766.
Douglass
,
G.
,
Dreisow
,
F.
,
Gross
,
S.
, and
Withford
,
M. J.
, 2018
, “
Femtosecond Laser Written Arrayed Waveguide Gratings With Integrated Photonic Lanterns
,” Opt. Exp.
,
26
(2
), pp. 1497
–1505
.10.1364/OE.26.0014977.
Huang
,
Y.
,
Zhao
,
Q.
,
Kamyab
,
L.
,
Rostami
,
A.
,
Capolino
,
F.
, and
Boyraz
,
O.
, 2015
, “
Sub-Micron Silicon Nitride Waveguide Fabrication Using Conventional Optical Lithography
,” Opt. Exp.
,
23
(5
), pp. 6780
–6786
.10.1364/OE.23.0067808.
Khan
,
M. U.
,
Justice
,
J.
,
Petäjä
,
J.
,
Korhonen
,
T.
,
Boersma
,
A.
,
Wiegersma
,
S.
,
Karppinen
,
M.
, and
Corbett
,
B.
, 2015
, “
Multi-Level Single Mode 2D Polymer Waveguide Optical Interconnects Using Nano-Imprint Lithography
,” Opt. Exp.
,
23
(11
), pp. 14630
–14639
.10.1364/OE.23.0146309.
Leibovici
,
M. C. R.
, and
Gaylord
,
T. K.
, 2015
, “
Photonic-Crystal Waveguide Structure by Pattern-Integrated Interference Lithography
,” Opt. Lett.
,
40
(12
), pp. 2806
–2809
.10.1364/OL.40.00280610.
Stone
,
A.
,
Jain
,
H.
,
Dierolf
,
V.
,
Sakakura
,
M.
,
Shimotsuma
,
Y.
,
Miura
,
K.
,
Hirao
,
K.
,
Lapointe
,
J.
, and
Kashyap
,
R.
, 2015
, “
Direct Laser-Writing of Ferroelectric Single-Crystal Waveguide Architectures in Glass for 3D Integrated Optics
,” Sci. Rep.
,
5
(1
), p. 10391
.10.1038/srep1039111.
Courvoisier
,
A.
,
Booth
,
M. J.
, and
Salter
,
P. S.
, 2016
, “
Inscription of 3D Waveguides in Diamond Using an Ultrafast Laser
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
,
109
(3
), p. 031109
.10.1063/1.495926712.
Castillo
,
G. R.
,
Labrador-Paez
,
L.
,
Chen
,
F.
,
Camacho-Lopez
,
S.
, and
de Aldana
,
J. R. V.
, 2017
, “
Depressed-Cladding 3-D Waveguide Arrays Fabricated With Femtosecond Laser Pulses
,” J. Lightwave Technol.
,
35
(13
), pp. 2520
–2525
.10.1109/JLT.2017.269616313.
Koehler
,
J. R.
,
Köttig
,
F.
,
Trabold
,
B. M.
,
Tani
,
F.
, and
Russell
,
P. S. J.
, 2018
, “
Long-Lived Refractive-Index Changes Induced by Femtosecond Ionization in Gas-Filled Single-Ring Photonic-Crystal Fibers
,” Phys. Rev. Appl.
,
10
(6
), p. 064020
.10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.06402014.
Cao
,
J.
,
Poumellec
,
B.
,
Brisset
,
F.
, and
Lancry
,
M.
, 2018
, “
Pulse Energy Dependence of Refractive Index Change in Lithium Niobium Silicate Glass During Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing
,” Opt. Exp.
,
26
(6
), pp. 7460
–7474
.10.1364/OE.26.00746015.
Gandara-Montano
,
G. A.
,
Zheleznyak
,
L.
, and
Knox
,
W. H.
, 2018
, “
Optical Quality of Hydrogel Ophthalmic Devices Created With Femtosecond Laser Induced Refractive Index Modification
,” Opt. Mater. Exp.
,
8
(2
), pp. 295
–313
.10.1364/OME.8.00029516.
Cao
,
J.
,
Mazerolles
,
L.
,
Lancry
,
M.
,
Solas
,
D.
,
Brisset
,
F.
, and
Poumellec
,
B.
, 2016
, “
Form Birefringence Induced in Multicomponent Glass by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing
,” Opt. Lett.
,
41
(12
), pp. 2739
–2742
.10.1364/OL.41.00273917.
McMillen
,
B.
,
Athanasiou
,
C.
, and
Bellouard
,
Y.
, 2016
, “
Femtosecond Laser Direct-Write Waveplates Based on Stress-Induced Birefringence
,” Opt. Exp.
,
24
(24
), pp. 27239
–27252
.10.1364/OE.24.02723918.
Yuan
,
L.
,
Cheng
,
B.
,
Huang
,
J.
,
Liu
,
J.
,
Wang
,
H.
,
Lan
,
X.
, and
Xiao
,
H.
, 2016
, “
Stress-Induced Birefringence and Fabrication of in-Fiber Polarization Devices by Controlled Femtosecond Laser Irradiations
,” Opt. Exp.
,
24
(2
), pp. 1062
–1071
.10.1364/OE.24.00106219.
Chen
,
C.
,
Akhmadaliev
,
S.
,
Romero
,
C.
,
de Aldana
,
J. R. V.
,
Zhou
,
S.
, and
Chen
,
F.
, 2017
, “
Ridge Waveguides and Y-Branch Beam Splitters in KTiOAsO4 Crystal by 15 MeV Oxygen Ion Implantation and Femtosecond Laser Ablation
,” J. Lightwave Technol.
,
35
(2
), pp. 225
–229
.10.1109/JLT.2016.263699820.
Erps
,
J. V.
,
Ciuk
,
T.
,
Pasternak
,
I.
,
Krajewska
,
A.
,
Strupinski
,
W.
,
Put
,
S. V.
,
Steenberge
,
G. V.
,
Baert
,
K.
,
Terryn
,
H.
,
Thienpont
,
H.
, and
Vermeulen
,
N.
, 2015
, “
Laser Ablation- and Plasma Etching-Based Patterning of Graphene on Silicon-on-Insulator Waveguides
,” Opt. Exp.
,
23
(20
), pp. 26639
–26650
.10.1364/OE.23.02663921.
Yao
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
W.
, and
Zhang
,
B.
, 2018
, “
Designing MMI Structured Beam-Splitter in LiNbO3 Crystal Based on a Combination of Ion Implantation and Femtosecond Laser Ablation
,” Opt. Exp.
,
26
(15
), pp. 19648
–19656
.10.1364/OE.26.01964822.
Su
,
H.
, and
Zhou
,
F.
, 2018
, “
Optimization of Micro-Optical Fiber-Based Mach–Zehnder Interferometer RI Sensor
,” J. Lightwave Technol.
,
36
(18
), pp. 4039
–4045
.10.1109/JLT.2018.285927323.
Ahsani
,
V.
,
Ahmed
,
F.
,
Jun
,
M. B. G.
, and
Bradley
,
C.
, 2019
, “
Tapered Fiber-Optic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for Ultra-High Sensitivity Measurement of Refractive Index
,” Sensors
,
19
(7
), p. 1652
.10.3390/s1907165224.
Chen
,
P.
,
Shu
,
X.
,
Cao
,
H.
, and
Sugden
,
K.
, 2017
, “
Ultra-Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on an Extremely Simple Femtosecond-Laser-Induced Structure
,” Opt. Lett.
,
42
(6
), pp. 1157
–1160
.10.1364/OL.42.00115725.
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Lin
,
C.
,
Liao
,
C.
,
Yang
,
K.
,
Li
,
Z.
, and
Wang
,
Y.
, 2018
, “
Femtosecond Laser-Inscribed Fiber Interface Mach–Zehnder Interferometer for Temperature-Insensitive Refractive Index Measurement
,” Opt. Lett.
,
43
(18
), pp. 4421
–4424
.10.1364/OL.43.00442126.
Li
,
W. W.
,
Chen
,
W. P.
,
Wang
,
D. N.
,
Wang
,
Z. K.
, and
Xu
,
B.
, 2017
, “
Fiber Inline Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Based on Femtosecond Laser Inscribed Waveguides
,” Opt. Lett.
,
42
(21
), pp. 4438
–4441
.10.1364/OL.42.00443827.
Liu
,
J.
, and
Wang
,
D. N.
, 2018
, “
In-Fiber Beam Splitters for Construction of in-Line Michelson Interferometers
,” Opt. Lett.
,
43
(17
), pp. 4304
–4307
.10.1364/OL.43.00430428.
Dong
,
X.-R.
,
Sun
,
X.-Y.
,
Chu
,
D.-K.
,
Yin
,
K.
,
Luo
,
Z.
,
Zhou
,
C.
,
Wang
,
C.
,
Hu
,
Y.-W.
, and
Duan
,
J.-A.
, 2016
, “
Microcavity Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Sensors for Refractive Index Sensing
,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
,
28
(20
), pp. 2285
–2288
.10.1109/LPT.2016.259198329.
Zhao
,
Y.
,
Zhao
,
H.
,
Lv
,
R.
, and
Zhao
,
J.
, 2019
, “
Review of Optical Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometers With Micro-Cavity Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser and Sensing Applications
,” Opt. Lasers Eng.
,
117
, pp. 7
–20
.10.1016/j.optlaseng.2018.12.01330.
Zhou
,
F.
,
Su
,
H.
,
Joe
,
H.-E.
, and
Jun
,
M. B.-G.
, 2020
, “
Temperature Insensitive Fiber Optical Refractive Index Probe With Large Dynamic Range at 1,550 nm
,” Sens. Actuators A
,
312
, p. 112102
.10.1016/j.sna.2020.11210231.
Ciddor
,
P. E.
, 1996
, “
Refractive Index of Air: New Equations for the Visible and Near Infrared
,” Appl. Opt.
,
35
(9
), pp. 1566
–1573
.10.1364/AO.35.00156632.
Ben-Yakar
,
A.
, and
Byer
,
R. L.
, 2004
, “
Femtosecond Laser Ablation Properties of Borosilicate Glass
,” J. Appl. Phys.
,
96
(9
), pp. 5316
–5323
.10.1063/1.178714533.
Nieto
,
D.
,
Arines
,
J.
,
O'Connor
,
G. M.
, and
Flores-Arias
,
M. T.
, 2015
, “
Single-Pulse Laser Ablation Threshold of Borosilicate, Fused Silica, Sapphire, and Soda-Lime Glass for Pulse Widths of 500 fs, 10 ps, 20 ns
,” Appl. Opt.
,
54
(29
), pp. 8596
–8601
.10.1364/AO.54.00859634.
Al-Qazwini
,
Y.
,
Noor
,
A.
,
Al-Qazwini
,
Z.
,
Yaacob
,
M. H.
,
Harun
,
S. W.
, and
Mahdi
,
M.
, 2016
, “
Refractive Index Sensor Based on SPR in Symmetrically Etched Plastic Optical Fibers
,” Sens. Actuators A
,
246
, pp. 163
–169
.10.1016/j.sna.2016.04.06435.
An
,
G.
,
Hao
,
X.
,
Li
,
S.
,
Yan
,
X.
, and
Zhang
,
X.
, 2017
, “
D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Refractive Index Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance
,” Appl. Opt.
,
56
(24
), pp. 6988
–6992
.10.1364/AO.56.00698836.
An
,
G.
,
Li
,
S.
,
Yan
,
X.
,
Zhang
,
X.
,
Yuan
,
Z.
,
Wang
,
H.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Hao
,
X.
,
Shao
,
Y.
, and
Han
,
Z.
, 2017
, “
Extra-Broad Photonic Crystal Fiber Refractive Index Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance
,” Plasmonics
,
12
(2
), pp. 465
–471
.10.1007/s11468-016-0286-237.
An
,
G.
,
Li
,
S.
,
Wang
,
H.
,
Zhang
,
X.
, and
Yan
,
X.
, 2018
, “
Quasi-D-Shaped Optical Fiber Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor
,” J. Opt.
,
20
(3
), p. 035403
.10.1088/2040-8986/aaaa4238.
An
,
G.
,
Li
,
S.
,
Cheng
,
T.
,
Yan
,
X.
,
Zhang
,
X.
,
Zhou
,
X.
, and
Yuan
,
Z.
, 2019
, “
Ultra-Stable D-Shaped Optical Fiber Refractive Index Sensor With Graphene-Gold Deposited Platform
,” Plasmonics
,
14
(1
), pp. 155
–163
.10.1007/s11468-018-0788-139.
André
,
R. M.
,
Warren-Smith
,
S. C.
,
Becker
,
M.
,
Dellith
,
J.
,
Rothhardt
,
M.
,
Zibaii
,
M.
,
Latifi
,
H.
,
Marques
,
M. B.
,
Bartelt
,
H.
, and
Frazão
,
O.
, 2016
, “
Simultaneous Measurement of Temperature and Refractive Index Using Focused Ion Beam Milled Fabry-Perot Cavities in Optical Fiber Micro-Tips
,” Opt. Express
,
24
(13
), pp. 14053
–14065
.10.1364/OE.24.01405340.
Bag
,
S. K.
,
Wan
,
M.
,
Sinha
,
R. K.
, and
Varshney
,
S. K.
, 2020
, “
Design and Characterization of Surface Relief Grating on Etched Multimode Optical Fiber for Refractive Index Sensing
,” Sens. Actuators A
,
303
, p. 111836
.10.1016/j.sna.2020.11183641.
Baharin
,
N. F.
,
Azmi
,
A. I.
,
Abdullah
,
A. S.
, and
Noor
,
M. Y. M.
, 2018
, “
Refractive Index Sensor Based on Lateral-Offset of Coreless Silica Interferometer
,” Opt. Laser Technol.
,
99
, pp. 396
–401
.10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.09.02842.
Bhardwaj
,
V.
, and
Singh
,
V. K.
, 2016
, “
Fabrication and Characterization of Cascaded Tapered Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for Refractive Index Sensing
,” Sens. Actuators A
,
244
, pp. 30
–34
.10.1016/j.sna.2016.04.00843.
Bhardwaj
,
V.
,
Kishor
,
K.
, and
Singh
,
V. K.
, 2017
, “
Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Connector Offset Optical Fiber Refractive Index Sensor
,” Plasmonics
,
12
(6
), pp. 1999
–2004
.10.1007/s11468-016-0473-144.
Chen
,
C.
,
Yang
,
R.
,
Zhang
,
X.
,
Wei
,
W.
,
Guo
,
Q.
,
Zhang
,
X.
,
Qin
,
L.
,
Ning
,
Y.
, and
Yu
,
Y.
, 2018
, “
Compact Refractive Index Sensor Based on an S-Tapered Fiber Probe
,” Opt. Mater. Exp.
,
8
(4
), pp. 919
–925
.10.1364/OME.8.00091945.
Chen
,
F.
,
Jiang
,
Y.
,
Zhang
,
L.
,
Jiang
,
L.
, and
Wang
,
S.
, 2018
, “
Fiber Optic Refractive Index and Magnetic Field Sensors Based on Microhole-Induced Inline Mach–Zehnder Interferometers
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
,
29
(4
), p. 045103
.10.1088/1361-6501/aa902c46.
Dai
,
B.
,
Shen
,
X.
,
Hu
,
X.
,
Yang
,
L.
,
Li
,
H.
,
Peng
,
J.
, and
Li
,
J.
, 2019
, “
Temperature-Insensitive Refractive Index Sensor With Etched Microstructure Fiber
,” Sensors
,
19
(17
), p. 3749
.10.3390/s1917374947.
Ding
,
Z.-W.
,
Lang
,
T.-T.
,
Wang
,
Y.
, and
Zhao
,
C.-L.
, 2017
, “
Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractive Index Sensor Based on Tapered Coreless Optical Fiber Structure
,” J. Lightwave Technol.
,
35
(21
), pp. 4734
–4739
.10.1109/JLT.2017.275566848.
Dong
,
X.
,
Du
,
H.
,
Luo
,
Z.
,
Yin
,
K.
, and
Duan
,
J.
, 2018
, “
Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Novel Mach–Zehnder Interferometer With Multimode Fiber–Thin Core Fiber–Multimode Fiber Structure
,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
,
57
(9
), p. 092501
.10.7567/JJAP.57.09250149.
Du
,
C.
,
Wang
,
Q.
,
Hu
,
H.
, and
Zhao
,
Y.
, 2017
, “
Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Four-Hole Grapefruit Microstructured Fiber With Surface Plasmon Resonance
,” Plasmonics
,
12
(6
), pp. 1961
–1965
.10.1007/s11468-016-0468-y50.
Du
,
H.
,
Sun
,
X.
,
Hu
,
Y.
,
Dong
,
X.
, and
Zhou
,
J.
, 2019
, “
High Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Cladding Etched Photonic Crystal Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
,” Photonic Sens.
,
9
(2
), pp. 126
–134
.10.1007/s13320-019-0532-251.
Fang
,
G.
,
Jia
,
P.
,
Liang
,
T.
,
Tan
,
Q.
,
Hong
,
Y.
,
Liu
,
W.
, and
Xiong
,
J.
, 2016
, “
Diaphragm-Free Fiber-Optic Fabry–Perot Interferometer Based on Tapered Hollow Silica Tube
,” Opt. Commun.
,
371
, pp. 201
–205
.10.1016/j.optcom.2016.03.02652.
Fu
,
X.
,
Zhang
,
J.
,
Wang
,
S.
,
Fu
,
G.
,
Liu
,
Q.
,
Jin
,
W.
, and
Bi
,
W.
, 2016
, “
A Refractive Index Sensor Based on Taper Michelson Interferometer in Multimode Fiber
,” Proc. SPIE,
10025
, p. 100251K
.53.
Gangwar
,
R. K.
, and
Singh
,
V. K.
, 2017
, “
Highly Sensitive Surface Plasmon Resonance Based D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Refractive Index Sensor
,” Plasmonics
,
12
(5
), pp. 1367
–1372
.10.1007/s11468-016-0395-y54.
Gao
,
R.
,
Lu
,
D.
,
Cheng
,
J.
, and
Qi
,
Z.
, 2017
, “
Fiber Optic Refractive Index Sensor Using Optofluidic Anti-Resonant Reflecting Guidance
,” Proc. SPIE,
10464
, p. 104640N
.55.
Geng
,
T.
,
Zhang
,
S.
,
Peng
,
F.
,
Yang
,
W.
,
Sun
,
C.
,
Chen
,
X.
,
Zhou
,
Y.
,
Hu
,
Q.
, and
Yuan
,
L.
, 2017
, “
A Temperature-Insensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on No-Core Fiber Embedded Long Period Grating
,” J. Lightwave Technol.
,
35
(24
), pp. 5391
–5396
.10.1109/JLT.2017.277230456.
Gomes
,
A. D.
, and
Frazão
,
O.
, 2016
, “
Mach–Zehnder Based on Large Knot Fiber Resonator for Refractive Index Measurement
,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
,
28
(12
), pp. 1279
–1281
.10.1109/LPT.2016.253896357.
Gong
,
Z.
,
Chen
,
K.
,
Zhou
,
X.
, and
Yu
,
Q.
, 2017
, “
Temperature-Compensated Refractive Index Sensor Based on Bent-Fiber Interference
,” Opt. Fiber Technol.
,
36
, pp. 6
–9
.10.1016/j.yofte.2017.01.01158.
Hasan
,
M. R.
,
Akter
,
S.
,
Ahmed
,
K.
, and
Abbott
,
D.
, 2018
, “
Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor Employing Niobium Nanofilm on Photonic Crystal Fiber
,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
,
30
(4
), pp. 315
–318
.10.1109/LPT.2017.278647559.
Hu
,
H.
,
Song
,
X.
,
Han
,
Q.
,
Chang
,
P.
,
Zhang
,
J.
,
Liu
,
K.
,
Du
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
H.
, and
Liu
,
T.
, 2020
, “
High Sensitivity Fiber Optic SPR Refractive Index Sensor Based on Multimode-No-Core-Multimode Structure
,” IEEE Sens. J.
,
20
(6
), pp. 2967
–2975
.10.1109/JSEN.2019.295655960.
Hu
,
J.
,
Shao
,
L.
,
Gu
,
G.
,
Zhang
,
X.
,
Liu
,
Y.
,
Song
,
X.
,
Song
,
Z.
,
Feng
,
J.
,
Buczyński
,
R.
, and
Śmietana
,
M.
, 2019
, “
Dual Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Based on Side-Hole Fiber for High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensing
,” IEEE Photonics J.
,
11
(6
), pp. 1
–13
.10.1109/JPHOT.2019.294808761.
Jia
,
P.
,
Fang
,
G.
,
Liang
,
T.
,
Hong
,
Y.
,
Tan
,
Q.
,
Chen
,
X.
,
Liu
,
W.
,
Xue
,
C.
,
Liu
,
J.
,
Zhang
,
W.
, and
Xiong
,
J.
, 2017
, “
Temperature-Compensated Fiber-Optic Fabry–Perot Interferometric Gas Refractive-Index Sensor Based on Hollow Silica Tube for High-Temperature Application
,” Sens. Actuators B
,
244
, pp. 226
–232
.10.1016/j.snb.2016.12.12362.
Jiang
,
J.
,
Zhao
,
Y.
,
Yang
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
Y.
,
He
,
X.
,
Yang
,
W.
, and
Li
,
L.
, 2019
, “
All-Fiber Fabry–Perot Interferometer for Liquid Refractive Index Measurement
,” J. Russ. Laser Res.
,
40
(4
), pp. 370
–374
.10.1007/s10946-019-09813-463.
Li
,
C.
,
Ning
,
T.
,
Zhang
,
C.
,
Li
,
J.
,
Zhang
,
C.
,
Wen
,
X.
,
Lin
,
H.
, and
Pei
,
L.
, 2016
, “
All-Fiber Multipath Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Based on a Four-Core Fiber for Sensing Applications
,” Sens. Actuators A
,
248
, pp. 148
–154
.10.1016/j.sna.2016.07.03164.
Li
,
D.
,
Zhang
,
W.
,
Liu
,
H.
,
Hu
,
J.
, and
Zhou
,
G.
, 2017
, “
High Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensor Based on Multicoating Photonic Crystal Fiber With Surface Plasmon Resonance at Near-Infrared Wavelength
,” IEEE Photonics J.
,
9
(2
), pp. 1
–8
.10.1109/JPHOT.2017.268712165.
Li
,
J.
,
Zhang
,
M.
,
Wan
,
M.
,
Lin
,
C.
,
Huang
,
S.
,
Liu
,
C.
,
He
,
Q.
,
Qiu
,
X.
, and
Fang
,
X.
, 2020
, “
Ultrasensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Enhanced Vernier Effect Through Cascaded Fiber Core-Offset Pairs
,” Opt. Exp.
,
28
(3
), pp. 4145
–4155
.10.1364/OE.38481566.
Li
,
L.
,
Ma
,
Q.
,
Cao
,
M.
,
Zhang
,
G.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Jiang
,
L.
,
Gao
,
C.
,
Yao
,
J.
,
Gong
,
S.
, and
Li
,
W.
, 2016
, “
High Stability Michelson Refractometer Based on an In-Fiber Interferometer Followed With a Faraday Rotator Mirror
,” Sens. Actuators B
,
234
, pp. 674
–679
.10.1016/j.snb.2016.05.04567.
Li
,
T.
,
Zhu
,
L.
,
Yang
,
X.
,
Lou
,
X.
, and
Yu
,
L.
, 2020
, “
A Refractive Index Sensor Based on H-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fibers Coated With Ag-Graphene Layers
,” Sensors
,
20
(3
), p. 741
.10.3390/s2003074168.
Liao
,
C.
,
Wang
,
Q.
,
Xu
,
L.
,
Liu
,
S.
,
He
,
J.
,
Zhao
,
J.
,
Li
,
Z.
, and
Wang
,
Y.
, 2016
, “
D-Shaped Fiber Grating Refractive Index Sensor Induced by an Ultrashort Pulse Laser
,” Appl. Opt.
,
55
(7
), pp. 1525
–1529
.10.1364/AO.55.00152569.
Liao
,
Y.-C.
,
Mao
,
Z.-Q.
,
Liu
,
B.
,
Chen
,
L.
,
Liu
,
J.
,
Wan
,
S.-P.
,
X.-D
,
H.
, and
Wu
,
Q.
, 2019
, “
Ultrasensitive Microfiber Refractive Index Sensor Based on Mach-Zehnder Interference of Core Offset Structure
,” 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN
), Huangshan, China, Aug. 5–8, pp. 1
–3
.10.1109/ICOCN.2019.893477470.
Ling
,
Q.
,
Gu
,
Z.
, and
Gao
,
K.
, 2018
, “
Smart Design of a Long-Period Fiber Grating Refractive Index Sensor Based on Dual-Peak Resonance Near the Phase-Matching Turning Point
,” Appl. Opt.
,
57
(10
), pp. 2693
–2697
.10.1364/AO.57.00269371.
Liu
,
P.
,
Jiang
,
L.
,
Wang
,
S.
,
Cao
,
Z.
, and
Wang
,
P.
, 2016
, “
Temperature-Insensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on an Optical Fiber Extrinsic Fabry–Perot Interferometer Processed by a Femtosecond Laser
,” Chin. Opt. Lett.
,
14
(2
), p. 020602
.http://col.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=col-14-2-02060272.
Liu
,
X.
,
Zhang
,
X.
,
Liu
,
Y.
,
Liu
,
Z.
, and
Peng
,
W.
, 2016
, “
Multi-Point Fiber-Optic Refractive Index Sensor by Using Coreless Fibers
,” Opt. Commun.
,
365
, pp. 168
–172
.10.1016/j.optcom.2015.10.07173.
Liu
,
Y.
,
Jing
,
Z.
,
Li
,
A.
,
Liu
,
Q.
,
Song
,
P.
,
Li
,
R.
, and
Peng
,
W.
, 2019
, “
An Open-Cavity Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Micromachining for Refractive Index Sensing
,” Proc. SPIE,
11209
, p. 1120902
.74.
Liu
,
Z.
,
Liu
,
L.
,
Zhu
,
Z.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Wei
,
Y.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Yang
,
J.
, and
Yuan
,
L.
, 2017
, “
Dual-Channel Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractive Index Sensor Based on Modified Hetero-Core Structure Fiber
,” Opt. Commun.
,
403
, pp. 290
–295
.10.1016/j.optcom.2017.07.06475.
Lu
,
H.
,
Yue
,
Y.
,
Du
,
J.
,
Shao
,
L.
,
Wu
,
T.
,
Pan
,
J.
, and
Hu
,
J.
, 2018
, “
Temperature and Liquid Refractive Index Sensor Using PD Fiber Structure-Based Sagnac Loop
,” Opt. Exp.
,
26
(15
), pp. 18920
–18927
.10.1364/OE.26.01892076.
Lu
,
J.
,
Li
,
Y.
,
Han
,
Y.
,
Liu
,
Y.
, and
Gao
,
J.
, 2018
, “
D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor Based on Gold Grating
,” Appl. Opt.
,
57
(19
), pp. 5268
–5272
.10.1364/AO.57.00526877.
Ma
,
Y.
,
Guo
,
D.
,
Gao
,
Y.
,
Sarah
,
S.
,
Wu
,
Q.
,
Zhou
,
J.
,
Pištora
,
J.
, and
Cada
,
M.
, 2018
, “
High Sensitive Z-Shaped Fiber Interferometric Refractive Index Sensor: Simulation and Experiment
,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
,
30
(12
), pp. 1131
–1134
.10.1109/LPT.2018.282819978.
Mollah
,
M. A.
,
Razzak
,
S. A.
,
Paul
,
A. K.
, and
Hasan
,
M. R.
, 2019
, “
Microstructure Optical Fiber Based Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor
,” Sensing Bio-Sensing Res.
,
24
, p. 100286
.10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.10028679.
Moreno
,
Y.
,
Song
,
Q.
,
Xing
,
Z.
,
Lu
,
T.
,
Qin
,
H.
,
Sun
,
Y.
,
Zhou
,
W.
,
Zhang
,
W.
,
Yan
,
Z.
, and
Sun
,
Q.
, 2019
, “
Hybrid Polarizing Grating and TFBG Based SPR Refractive Index Sensor
,” 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN
), Huangshan, China, Aug. 5–8, pp. 1
–3
.10.1109/ICOCN.2019.893437580.
Nasirifar
,
R.
,
Danaie
,
M.
, and
Dideban
,
A.
, 2019
, “
Dual Channel Optical Fiber Refractive Index Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance
,” Optik
,
186
, pp. 194
–204
.10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.04.10481.
Ni
,
X.
,
Fu
,
S.
, and
Zhao
,
Z.
, 2016
, “
Thin-Fiber-Based Fabry–Pérot Cavity for Monitoring Microfluidic Refractive Index
,” IEEE Photonics J.
,
8
(3
), pp. 1
–7
.10.1109/JPHOT.2016.256644882.
Ouyang
,
Y.
,
Xu
,
X.
,
Zhao
,
Y.
,
Zhou
,
A.
, and
Yuan
,
L.
, 2018
, “
Temperature Compensated Refractometer Based on Parallel Fiber Fabry–Pérot Interferometers
,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
,
30
(13
), pp. 1262
–1265
.10.1109/LPT.2018.284454383.
Pathak
,
A. K.
,
Rahman
,
B. A.
,
Singh
,
V. K.
, and
Kumari
,
S.
, 2019
, “
Sensitivity Enhancement of a Concave Shaped Optical Fiber Refractive Index Sensor Covered With Multiple Au Nanowires
,” Sensors
,
19
(19
), p. 4210
.10.3390/s1919421084.
Peng
,
J.
,
Lyu
,
D.
,
Huang
,
Q.
,
Qu
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
W.
,
Sun
,
T.
, and
Yang
,
M.
, 2019
, “
Dielectric Film Based Optical Fiber Sensor Using Fabry–Perot Resonant Structure
,” Opt. Commun.
,
430
, pp. 63
–67
.10.1016/j.optcom.2018.08.03785.
Pu
,
S.
,
Luo
,
L.
,
Tang
,
J.
,
Mao
,
L.
, and
Zeng
,
X.
, 2016
, “
Ultrasensitive Refractive-Index Sensors Based on Tapered Fiber Coupler With Sagnac Loop
,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
,
28
(10
), pp. 1073
–1076
.10.1109/LPT.2016.252918186.
Qi
,
Y.
,
Zhang
,
S.
,
Feng
,
S.
,
Wang
,
X.
,
Sun
,
W.
,
Ye
,
J.
,
Han
,
P.
, and
Zhang
,
Y.
, 2018
, “
Integrated Mach-Zehnder Interferometer on the End Facet of Multicore Fiber for Refractive Index Sensing Application
,” Proc. SPIE,
10623
, p. 106230T
.87.
Rifat
,
A. A.
,
Mahdiraji
,
G. A.
,
Sua
,
Y. M.
,
Ahmed
,
R.
,
Shee
,
Y.
, and
Adikan
,
F. M.
, 2016
, “
Highly Sensitive Multi-Core Flat Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Refractive Index Sensor
,” Opt. Exp.
,
24
(3
), pp. 2485
–2495
.10.1364/OE.24.00248588.
Santos
,
D.
,
Guerreiro
,
A.
, and
Baptista
,
J. M.
, 2017
, “
SPR Optimization Using Metamaterials in a D-Type PCF Refractive Index Sensor
,” Opt. Fiber Technol.
,
33
, pp. 83
–88
.10.1016/j.yofte.2016.11.01089.
Sun
,
X.-Y.
,
Chu
,
D.-K.
,
Dong
,
X.-R.
,
Li
,
H.-T.
,
Hu
,
Y.-W.
,
Zhou
,
J.-Y.
, and
Duan
,
J.-A.
, 2016
, “
Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Fiber Inline Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Micromachining and Chemical Etching
,” Opt. Laser Technol.
,
77
, pp. 11
–15
.10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.07.02690.
Suntsov
,
S.
,
Rüter
,
C. E.
,
Schipkowski
,
T.
, and
Kip
,
D.
, 2017
, “
Fiber-Integrated Refractive Index Sensor Based on a Diced Fabry–Perot Micro-Resonator
,” Appl. Opt.
,
56
(33
), pp. 9139
–9143
.10.1364/AO.56.00913991.
Tien
,
C.-L.
,
Lin
,
H.-Y.
, and
Su
,
S.-H.
, 2018
, “
High Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensor by D-Shaped Fibers and Titanium Dioxide Nanofilm
,” Soft Matter Photonics
,
2018
, pp. 1
–6
.10.1155/2018/230374092.
Tripathi
,
S. M.
,
Bock
,
W. J.
, and
Mikulic
,
P.
, 2017
, “
A Wide-Range Temperature Immune Refractive-Index Sensor Using Concatenated Long-Period-Fiber-Gratings
,” Sens. Actuators B
,
243
, pp. 1109
–1114
.10.1016/j.snb.2016.12.01293.
Tsai
,
C.-W.
, and
Yu
,
C.-P.
, 2019
, “
Highly Sensitive Fabry-Pérot Refractive Index Sensor by Using a Polished Pyramidal Fiber
,” International Conference on Photonics in Switching and Computing (PSC
), Fukuoka, Japan, July 7–11, pp. 1
–3
.10.23919/PS.2019.881814994.
Velázquez-González
,
J. S.
,
Monzón-Hernández
,
D.
,
Moreno-Hernández
,
D.
,
Martínez-Piñón
,
F.
, and
Hernández-Romano
,
I.
, 2017
, “
Simultaneous Measurement of Refractive Index and Temperature Using a SPR-Based Fiber Optic Sensor
,” Sens. Actuators B
,
242
, pp. 912
–920
.10.1016/j.snb.2016.09.16495.
Wang
,
B.
,
Ni
,
K.
,
Wang
,
P.
,
Ma
,
Q.
,
Tian
,
W.
, and
Tan
,
L.
, 2018
, “
A CNT-Coated Refractive Index Sensor Based on Michelson Interferometer With Thin-Core Fiber
,” Opt. Fiber Technol.
,
46
, pp. 302
–305
.10.1016/j.yofte.2018.11.01896.
Wang
,
Q.
,
Kong
,
L.
,
Dang
,
Y.
,
Xia
,
F.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Zhao
,
Y.
,
Hu
,
H.
, and
Li
,
J.
, 2016
, “
High Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensor Based on Splicing Points Tapered SMF-PCF-SMF Structure Mach-Zehnder Mode Interferometer
,” Sens. Actuators B
,
225
, pp. 213
–220
.10.1016/j.snb.2015.11.04797.
Wang
,
Q.
,
Wei
,
W.
,
Guo
,
M.
, and
Zhao
,
Y.
, 2016
, “
Optimization of Cascaded Fiber Tapered Mach–Zehnder Interferometer and Refractive Index Sensing Technology
,” Sens. Actuators B
,
222
, pp. 159
–165
.10.1016/j.snb.2015.07.09898.
Wang
,
T.
,
Liu
,
K.
,
Jiang
,
J.
,
Xue
,
M.
,
Chang
,
P.
, and
Liu
,
T.
, 2017
, “
Temperature-Insensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Tilted Moiré FBG With High Resolution
,” Opt. Exp.
,
25
(13
), pp. 14900
–14909
.10.1364/OE.25.01490099.
Wang
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
S.
,
Jiang
,
L.
,
Huang
,
H.
,
Zhang
,
L.
,
Wang
,
P.
,
Lv
,
L.
, and
Cao
,
Z.
, 2017
, “
Temperature-Insensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Mach–Zehnder Interferometer With Two Microcavities
,” Chin. Opt. Lett.
,
15
(2
), p. 020603
.10.3788/COL201715.020603100.
Wei
,
X.
,
Li
,
Z.
,
Hou
,
L.
,
Yang
,
J.
, and
Ran
,
L.
, 2019
, “
Microgroove Based Optical Fiber Refractive Index Sensor
,” 11209
, p. 112094Q
.101.
Xia
,
F.
,
Zhao
,
Y.
,
Hu
,
H.
,
Chen
,
M.
, and
Zhang
,
Y.
, 2017
, “
Refractive Index Sensor Based on Asymmetrical Mach-Zehnder Interferometer With Step-Like Tapers
,” 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS
), Jeju, Republic of Korea, pp. 1
–4
.10.1117/12.2263255102.
Xu
,
Z.
,
Luo
,
Y.
,
Sun
,
Q.
,
Shum
,
P. P.
,
Wu
,
Z.
,
Shao
,
X.
, and
Liu
,
D.
, 2017
, “
Refractive Index Sensor Based on θ-Shaped Microfiber Resonator and Vernier Effect
,” Proc. SPIE
, 10323, p. 103233N
.10.1117/12.2265277103.
Yang
,
J.
,
Yang
,
M.
,
Guan
,
C. Y.
,
Shi
,
J. H.
,
Zhu
,
Z.
,
Li
,
P.
,
Wang
,
P. F.
,
Yang
,
J.
, and
Yuan
,
L. B.
, 2018
, “
In-Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer With Piecewise Interference Spectrum Based on Hole-Assisted Dual-Core Fiber for Refractive Index Sensing
,” Opt. Exp.
,
26
(15
), pp. 19091
–19099
.10.1364/OE.26.019091104.
Yang
,
J.
,
Guan
,
C.
,
Tian
,
P.
,
Yuan
,
T.
,
Zhu
,
Z.
,
Li
,
P.
,
Shi
,
J.
,
Yang
,
J.
, and
Yuan
,
L.
, 2017
, “
In-Fiber Refractive Index Sensor Based on Single Eccentric Hole-Assisted Dual-Core Fiber
,” Opt. Lett.
,
42
(21
), pp. 4470
–4473
.10.1364/OL.42.004470105.
Yang
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
Y.
,
Jiang
,
J.
,
Zhao
,
Y.
,
He
,
X.
, and
Li
,
L.
, 2019
, “
High-Sensitive All-Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer Gas Refractive Index Sensor Based on Lateral Offset Splicing and Vernier Effect
,” Optik
,
196
, p. 163181
.10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163181106.
Yao
,
T.
,
Pu
,
S.
,
Zhao
,
Y.
, and
Li
,
Y.
, 2019
, “
Ultrasensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Parallel-Connected Dual Fabry-Perot Interferometers With Vernier Effect
,” Sens. Actuators A
,
290
, pp. 14
–19
.10.1016/j.sna.2019.03.011107.
Zhang
,
C.
,
Ning
,
T.
,
Li
,
J.
,
Pei
,
L.
,
Li
,
C.
, and
Lin
,
H.
, 2017
, “
Refractive Index Sensor Based on Tapered Multicore Fiber
,” Opt. Fiber Technol.
,
33
, pp. 71
–76
.10.1016/j.yofte.2016.11.008108.
Zhang
,
M.
,
Zhu
,
G.
,
Lu
,
L.
,
Lou
,
X.
, and
Zhu
,
L.
, 2019
, “
Refractive Index Sensor Based on Ultrafine Tapered Single-Mode Nocladding Single-Mode Fiber Structure
,” Opt. Fiber Technol.
,
48
, pp. 297
–302
.10.1016/j.yofte.2019.01.008109.
ZhangYuan
,
S. T.
, and
Yuan
,
L.
, 2017
, “
Asymmetrical Twin-Core Fiber Based Michelson Interferometer for Environmental Refractive Index Sensing
,” 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS
), Jeju, Republic of Korea, pp. 1
–4
.10.1117/12.2264956110.
Zhang
,
W.
,
Lian
,
Z.
,
Benson
,
T.
,
Wang
,
X.
, and
Lou
,
S.
, 2018
, “
A Refractive Index Sensor Based on a D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber With a Nanoscale Gold Belt
,” Opt. Quant. Electron.
,
50
(1
), p. 29
.10.1007/s11082-017-1276-0111.
Zhang
,
Z.
,
Yang
,
J.
,
He
,
X.
,
Zhang
,
J.
,
Huang
,
J.
,
Chen
,
D.
, and
Han
,
Y.
, 2018
, “
Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor With High Figure of Merit Based on Concentric-Rings Resonator
,” Sensors
,
18
(2
), p. 116
.10.3390/s18010116112.
Zhang
,
Z.
,
He
,
J.
,
Du
,
B.
,
Guo
,
K.
, and
Wang
,
Y.
, 2019
, “
Highly Sensitive Gas Refractive Index Sensor Based on Hollow-Core Photonic Bandgap Fiber
,” Opt. Exp.
,
27
(21
), pp. 29649
–29658
.10.1364/OE.27.029649113.
Zhang
,
Z.
,
Li
,
S.
,
Liu
,
Q.
,
Feng
,
X.
,
Zhang
,
S.
,
Wang
,
Y.
, and
Wu
,
J.
, 2018
, “
Groove Micro-Structure Optical Fiber Refractive Index Sensor With Nanoscale Gold Film Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance
,” Opt. Fiber Technol.
,
43
, pp. 45
–48
.10.1016/j.yofte.2018.04.009114.
Zhao
,
F.
,
Xu
,
B.
,
Wang
,
D.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
, and
Yang
,
J.
, 2019
, “
Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor With Fiber in-Line Fabry-Perot Interferometers Based on Vernier Effect
,” 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN
), Huangshan, China, Aug. 5–8, pp. 1
–3
.10.1109/ICOCN.2019.8934316 115.
Zhao
,
Y.
,
Xia
,
F.
, and
Li
,
J.
, 2016
, “
Sensitivity-Enhanced Photonic Crystal Fiber Refractive Index Sensor With Two Waist-Broadened Tapers
,” J. Lightwave Technol.
,
34
(4
), pp. 1373
–1379
.10.1109/JLT.2016.2519534116.
Zhao
,
Y.
,
Xia
,
F.
,
Hu
,
H.
, and
Chen
,
M.
, 2017
, “
A Novel Photonic Crystal Fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer for Enhancing Refractive Index Measurement Sensitivity
,” Opt. Commun.
,
402
, pp. 368
–374
.10.1016/j.optcom.2017.06.033117.
Zheng
,
K.
, and
Shang
,
L.
, 2017
, “
Refractive Index Sensor Based on Liquid-Filled Defect Hollow Core Bragg Fiber for High Index Sensing
,” 16th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN
), Wuzhen, China, Aug. 7-10, pp. 1
–3
.10.1109/ICOCN.2017.8121279 118.
ZhengWu
,
Y.
,
Zhang
,
Z. H.
,
Shum
,
P.
,
Humbert
,
P. G.
, and
Dinh
,
X. Q.
, 2017
, “
Design of Fabry-Perot Refractometer Based on a Simplified Hollow-Core PCF With a CFBG Pair
,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR
), Singapore, July 31–Aug. 4, p. s2047
.10.1109/CLEOPR.2017.8118967 119.
Zhu
,
F.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Su
,
H.
,
Guo
,
Y.
, and
Yuan
,
P.
, 2018
, “
All-Fiber Inline Michelson Interferometer for Simultaneous Measurement of Refractive Index and Temperature
,” SciFed J. Laser Opt.
,
2
(1
), pp. 1
–5
.Copyright © 2020 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
