Mechanics and Physics of Brittle to Ductile Transitions in Fracture¹

The mechanisms of brittle-to-ductile transition of fracture in intrinsically brittle crystalline solids such as structural steel have been of great technological interest for a long time. While much useful phenomenology on this important bifurcation behavior has evolved through material testing and alloy development throughout the period following the large scale fractures in Liberty ships during and after World War II, fundamental mechanistic understanding has been lacking until recent times. Over the past decade or so, a renewed level of interest has resulted in a number of fundamental studies of both experimental nature and modeling of crack-tip response which demonstrated a remarkable connection of atomic level processes at tips of cleavage cracks and the macroscopic fracture transitions. These mechanistic connections have not only gone a long way in providing basic rationale for some of the successful empirical practices in alloy design and microstructure control, but clear the way for further advances based on basic atomic level processes governing crystal plasticity. Here we give an overview of some recent developments in this area emanating from our own researches.