.... Previous studies have demonstrated the turbulent behavior of the flow and the presence of a flow separation region at the nozzle of the gripper. Here, a Reynolds stress model has been implemented in a finite volume based segregated Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solver. Compressible air is modeled...

... in the two-phase turbulence flow. In this paper, the gravity-driven powder flow is studied along with powder properties, nozzle geometries, and shielding gas settings. A 3-D numerical model is introduced to quantitatively predict the powder stream concentration variation in order to facilitate coaxial nozzle...

... finite-difference fluids code (CaPS-EM) to solve Maxwell’s equations, Ohm’s law, Navier-Stokes equations, and transport equations of turbulence flow in a casting process that uses EM fields. ELEKTRA is able to predict the eddy-current distribution and EM forces in complex geometry. CaPS-EM is capable...

... is considered. A low-Reynolds number k − ε model is introduced to account for the turbulence. When computing the temperature and stress fields two repetitive pulse types and variable properties of workpiece, and gas jet are taken into account. Temperature predictions were discussed in a previous study. A stress...

...Kai Chen; Y. Lawrence Yao; Vijay Modi Laser machining efficiency and quality are closely related to gas pressure, nozzle geometry, and standoff distance. Modeling studies of laser machining rarely incorporate gas effects in part because of the complex structure and turbulent nature of jet flow...