... of the Laplace equation. Moreover, the material flow in the plastic stage and the energy in electrostatic field all meet the least-energy principle. Therefore, according to the similarity criteria, an equi-potential line (EPL) method is proposed for the design of the preform shape in material hot forging...

... , β = u s u t + v s v t , γ = u s 2 + v s 2 Eq. ( 2 ) is referred to as the transformed Laplace equation. Conventionally, the Laplace method is based on solving the following Laplace equations subject to the appropriate boundary...