... emissions. 10 12 2010 20 12 2010 14 12 2011 14 12 2011 combustion diesel engines fuel economy fuel systems heat losses heat transfer military vehicles nanoparticles petroleum smoke soot swirling flow JP-8 fuel has been gaining prominence ever since US Army...

... 2011 26 08 2011 air pollution control crude oil diesel engines optimisation petroleum Taguchi methods diesel engine NO x emission MRSN optimization orthogonal array Biodiesel, a clean burning renewable CI engine fuel, has been accepted by many countries as a partial...

... diesel engines dissociation drops nozzles orifices (mechanical) petroleum sprays group-hole nozzle Sauter mean diameter (SMD) droplet mean velocity droplet analysis system (PDPA) Basically, the reduction of nozzle hole size may interfere with the generation of a homogeneous mixture...

... FSN, it is desired to report mass emissions of soot using empirical correlations derived for use with petroleum diesel fuels and conventional modes of combustion. The work presented in this paper compares the experimental results of well known formulas for calculating the mass of soot using FSN...

... proved to be efficient, reducing the number of engine cycles necessary for the calibration to less than 1000 per operating condition. 11 10 2010 11 10 2010 15 04 2011 15 04 2011 combustion equipment petroleum sparks Spark ignition (SI) engine performance...

... out HC emissions Comparison of engine out CO emissions 27 09 2010 12 10 2010 15 04 2011 15 04 2011 combustion diesel engines emission nitrogen compounds oxygen compounds petroleum Conventional diesel engine leads a prime role in the transportation...

... in this area. With oil import levels of over 60% from foreign sources, the United States’ dependence on foreign oil has become a national concern ( 1 ). The U.S. government has determined that the first step toward returning to self-reliance is to develop petroleum alternatives. Toward that end, the U.S...

... and service life, the American Petroleum Institute (API) CJ-4 oil specification was introduced, which limits sulfated ash content in the lubricant to no more than 1.0% ( 9 ). Despite this limit on total lubricant sulfated ash content, the individual effects of specific additives on DPF performance...

... Density Measurements Using X-Ray Radiography ,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part D (J. Automob. Eng.) 0954-4070 , 221 ( 6 ), pp. 653 – 662 . 10.1243/09544070JAUTO392 25 09 2009 10 11 2009 24 09 2010 24 09 2010 fuel systems nozzles petroleum Due to the strong...

... concentration was near the value predicted by the equilibrium constant for equivalence ratios greater that 0.85 but was increasingly lower for leaner points. 23 09 2009 06 10 2009 16 08 2010 16 08 2010 biofuel diesel engines petroleum Two categories of methods exist...

... primarily to the lower evaporation temperature and longer ignition delay of fuel two. 12 10 2009 10 12 2009 16 08 2010 16 08 2010 air pollution measurement combustion diesel engines evaporation exhaust systems petroleum soot The soot emissions from diesel...

... petroleum 11 05 2009 06 11 2009 10 08 2010 10 08 2010 2010 American Society of Mechanical Engineers ...

... and this enables the heat release profile to be shaped. 21 05 2009 09 07 2009 18 06 2010 18 06 2010 diesel engines petroleum In conventional compression-ignition (CI) engines diesel fuel is injected near the end of the compression stroke, near top dead center (TDC...

... instability fuel systems hydrodynamics internal combustion engines nozzles petroleum shear turbulence two-phase flow Regarding the primary breakup process of fuel in an internal combustion (IC) engine, the effect of cavitation generated upstream of the nozzle aperture is known to be a very...

... 2009 23 05 2009 26 04 2010 26 04 2010 fuel systems ignition intake systems (machines) manifolds parameter estimation petroleum thermal analysis valves Over 80% of the total CO and HC emissions in standard driving cycles are generated during the cold phase when cars...

... value(MJ/kg) Kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C (cS) Gasoline 0.7572 303–483 44 NA Diesel 0.8 436–630 NA 2.0–4.5 Kerosene 0.8 403–561 43.4 1.0–1.9 Source: China Petroleum Corporation, Taiwan. Many factors influence HCCI combustion and some must be kept...

...Clifford A. Moses; Petrus N. J. Roets In 1999, as the only inland petroleum refinery in South Africa was reaching capacity, Sasol gained approval of a semisynthetic jet fuel (SSJF) for civil aviation to augment production and meet the growing demand for jet fuel at the airport in Johannesburg...

... global warming mass spectroscopy nitrogen compounds petroleum thermal analysis vegetable oils viscosity In recent years, two important factors have influenced the world’s energy market. First, the increased demand for petroleum fuels has steadily raised their price to impose economic burden...

... States by the mid-21st century, while still meeting demands for forestry products, food, and fiber ( 1 ). biofuel combustion flames gas turbines petroleum swirling flow 20 06 2007 22 06 2007 02 04 2008 2008 American Society of Mechanical Engineers ...

... petroleum ultrasonic equipment vaporisation anemometers aerospace engines Combustion processes with excess air exhibit a high potential for the reduction of the N O x emissions from spray flames in gas turbines. The concept of lean premixing has been successfully introduced...