Fig. 1 The experimental testing platform More about this image found in The experimental testing platform

Fig. 2 Schematic diagrams of temperature measurement points and loading locations of lithium-ion batteries: ( a ) K-type thermocouple attachment locations and ( b ) loading locations on lithium-ion batteries More about this image found in Schematic diagrams of temperature measurement points and loading locations ...

Fig. 3 Lithium-ion battery equivalent circuit model More about this image found in Lithium-ion battery equivalent circuit model

Fig. 4 Voltage and current curves during the measure process More about this image found in Voltage and current curves during the measure process

Fig. 5 The temperature and voltage change curves of the batteries with different indenter shapes: ( a ) triangular loading punch, location a-a', ( b ) triangular loading punch, location b-b', ( c ) triangular loading punch, location c-c', ( d ) cylindrical loading punch, location a-a', ( e ) cylin... More about this image found in The temperature and voltage change curves of the batteries with different i...

Fig. 6 Changes of safety performance parameters of lithium batteries after the experiment: ( a ) maximum temperature at location a-a', ( b ) maximum temperature at location b-b', ( c ) maximum temperature at location c-c', ( d ) the curve of voltage at location a-a', ( e ) the curve of voltage at ... More about this image found in Changes of safety performance parameters of lithium batteries after the exp...

Fig. 7 The temperature and voltage change curves of the batteries at different loading locations: ( a ) location a-a', ( b ) location b-b', ( c ) location c-c', ( d ) location d-e, ( e ) location d-d', ( f ) location e-e', ( g ) location d'-e', and ( h ) location h-h' More about this image found in The temperature and voltage change curves of the batteries at different loa...

Fig. 8 Changes of safety performance parameters of lithium batteries after the experiment: (a) temporal evolution of the battery's maximum surface temperature, ( b ) temporal evolution of the battery voltage, ( c ) the capacity loss data of batteries, and ( d ) the internal resistance data of batt... More about this image found in Changes of safety performance parameters of lithium batteries after the exp...

Fig. 9 The temperature and voltage change curves of the batteries at different SOCs: ( a ) 100% SOC, location a-a', ( b ) 100% SOC, location b-b', ( c ) 100% SOC, location c-c', ( d ) 80% SOC, location a-a', ( e ) 80% SOC, location b-b', ( f ) 80% SOC, location c-c', ( g ) 50% SOC, location a-a', ... More about this image found in The temperature and voltage change curves of the batteries at different SOC...

Fig. 10 Changes of safety performance parameters of lithium batteries after the experiment: ( a ) maximum temperature at location a-a', ( b ) maximum temperature at location b-b', ( c ) maximum temperature at location c-c', ( d ) the curve of voltage at location a-a', ( e ) the curve of voltage at... More about this image found in Changes of safety performance parameters of lithium batteries after the exp...

Fig. 11 SEM images of batteries with different indenters after the experiment: ( a ) fresh battery’s positive electrode, ( b ) fresh battery’s negative electrode, ( c ) positive electrode under the triangle punch, ( d ) negative electrode under the triangle punch, ( e ) positive electrode under th... More about this image found in SEM images of batteries with different indenters after the experiment: ( a ...

Fig. 12 SEM images of batteries at different loading locations after the experiment: ( a ) positive electrode at location e-e', ( b ) negative electrode at location e-e', ( c ) positive electrode at location d'-e', ( d ) negative electrode at location d'-e', ( e ) positive electrode at location h-... More about this image found in SEM images of batteries at different loading locations after the experiment...

Fig. 13 SEM images of batteries at different SOCs after the experiment: ( a ) positive electrode of the battery at 100% SOC, ( b ) negative electrode of the battery at 100% SOC, ( c ) positive electrode of the battery at 80% SOC, ( d ) negative electrode of the battery at 80% SOC, ( e ) positive e... More about this image found in SEM images of batteries at different SOCs after the experiment: ( a ) posit...

Fig. 1 ( a ) Sketch of the simulation domain. The fibers are randomly distributed in a cylindrical domain with radius R Domain and height H Domain . In the undeformed state, all fibers are aligned in plane and ( b ) Sketch of the binder model. The binder model adds a coupling in the vicinity ... More about this image found in ( a ) Sketch of the simulation domain. The fibers are randomly distributed ...

Fig. 2 CT images of the fiber structure ( a ) at the center of the sample and ( b ) near the surface. The binder accumulates at fiber crossings and locations with high fiber density. In the center, less binder is present. More about this image found in CT images of the fiber structure ( a ) at the center of the sample and ( b ...

Fig. 3 ( a ) Pressure against compression ratio for the simulation with hysteresis. The specification given by the manufacturer is marked. ( b ) Experimental result for the pressure compression curve of the GDL with hysteresis. More about this image found in ( a ) Pressure against compression ratio for the simulation with hysteresis...

Fig. 4 Effects of the binder and damage terms on the compression of the GDL. Curve b shows the pressure compression curve of the original simulation as depicted in Fig. 3( a ) without the hysteresis. Curve a shows the predicted curve of the simulation for the case where binder damage and fiber b... More about this image found in Effects of the binder and damage terms on the compression of the GDL. Curve...