... 11 11 2011 distributed control feedback hysteresis intelligent actuators robust control shape memory effects hysteresis smart actuator stochastic control stochastic stability cellular architecture Markov chain distributed system There exist many systems in nature...

.... , 2002 , Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer , 5th ed. , Wiley , New York . 11 09 2007 20 05 2010 19 08 2010 19 08 2010 actuators alloys heat transfer shape memory effects Fluid flow has an important function in the human body. In fact, approximately...

... materials intelligent structures Kalman filters magnetostrictive devices nonlinear control systems open loop systems optimal control perturbation techniques PI control piezoelectric actuators piezoelectric materials piezoelectric transducers shape memory effects stochastic processes...

... stability convection Kalman filters mechanical products nonlinear control systems position control robots shape memory effects variable structure systems Shape memory alloys (SMAs) consist of a group of metallic materials that demonstrate the ability to return to some previously defined...

... titanium alloys nickel alloys wires shape memory effects modeling The first shape memory alloy (SMA) appeared about 70 years ago, and SMA development and research gained momentum with the discovery of the titanium-nickel (Ti-Ni or Nitinol) SMAs. In some cases, only on-off actuation of the SMAs...

.... Associate Editor: E. Fahrenthold. 13 March 1999 actuators shape memory effects nonlinear dynamical systems The objective of this research is to develop a new generation of large-scale robotic manipulators that are strong, lightweight, compact, and dexterous. The key methodology...