... the probability of system failure during mission execution. In fact, in the absence of any crew onboard, system failure during a mission can create a great inconvenience for the concerned stakeholders, which compels them to design highly reliable USVs that must have integrated intelligent PHM systems onboard...

... an obvious misfit. Therefore, the aforementioned three approaches are not ideal for addressing the design engineer’s key question; how should the design be changed to improve robustness and failure rates. The present study builds upon the existing robust and reliability-based design optimization ( R 2 BDO...