... of being skewed toward late systole, due to flow instabilities during deceleration phases; (2) increasing heart rate and stroke volume increases energy dissipation, but the normalized shape of the energy dissipation waveform is preserved across heart rates and stroke volumes; (3) increasing stenosis level...

... ENGINEERING . Manuscript received by the Bioengineering Division Apr. 2001; revised manuscript received Dec. 2002. Associate Editor: J. E. Moore, Jr. 01 Apr 2001 01 Dec 2002 10 06 2003 channel flow flow separation flow instability boundary layers physiological models biological...