Abstract

The novel hydrostrain system was designed in an effort to establish and maintain conditions that simulate the in-vivo mechanical environment of the bladder. In this laboratory system, ovine bladder smooth muscle cells on flexible, 10-cm-dia silastic membranes were exposed simultaneously to hydrostatic pressure (40 cm H2O, a pressure level currently associated with bladder pathologies) and mechanical strains (up to 25 percent) under standard cell culture conditions for 7 h. Under these conditions, Heparin Binding-Epidermal Growth Factor and Collagen Type III mRNA expression were significantly increased (p<0.01 and 0.1, respectively); however, no changes were observed in Collagen Type I mRNA expression. Decreases in the Collagen Type I:Type III ratio following simultaneous exposure of bladder smooth muscle cells to pathological levels of hydrostatic pressure and mechanical strain in vitro are in agreement with clinically observed increases in Collagen Type III with concomitant decreased human bladder compliance. The results of the present study, therefore, provide cellular/molecular level information relevant to bladder pathology that could have significant implications in the field of clinical urology.

References

1.
Maizels, M., 1998, “Normal and Anomalous Development of the Urinary Tract,” Campbell’s Urology (Seventh Edition), eds., P. C. Walsh, A. B. Retik, E. D. Vaughan, Jr., and A. J. Wein, W. B. Saunders Company, PA, p. 1577.
2.
Matsuno
,
T.
,
Tokunaka
,
S.
, and
Koyanagi
,
T.
,
1984
, “
Muscular Development in the Urinary Tract
,”
J. Urol. (Baltimore)
,
132
, pp.
148
152
.
3.
Kaefer
,
M.
,
Andler
,
R.
,
Bauer
,
S. B.
,
Hendren
,
W. H.
,
Diamond
,
D. A.
, and
Retik
,
A. B.
,
1998
, “
Urodynamic Findings in Children With Isolated Epispadias
,”
Pediatrics
,
102
,
863
863
(Abstract no. 103).
4.
Lin, V. K., and McConnell, J. D., 1995, “Molecular Aspects of Bladder Outlet Obstruction,” Muscle, Matrix, and Bladder Function, ed. S. Zedric, Plenum Press, NY, p. 65.
5.
McConnell
,
J. D.
,
Lee
,
I. L.
, and
Cher
,
M. L.
,
1990
, “
Expression of Non-Muscle Caldesmin in Obstruction-Induced Detrusor Hypertrophy (abstr.)
,”
J. Urol. (Baltimore)
,
143
, pp.
367
368
.
6.
Olivetta
,
G.
,
Anversa
,
P.
,
Melissari
,
M.
, and
Loud
,
A. V.
,
1980
, “
Morphometry of Medial Hypertrophy in the Rat Thoracic Aorta
,”
Laboratory Investigation
,
42
, pp.
559
565
.
7.
Radzinski
,
C.
,
McGuire
,
E. J.
,
Smith
,
D.
,
Wein
,
A.
,
Levin
,
R. M.
,
Miller
,
F.
, and
Elbadawi
,
A.
,
1991
, “
Creation of a Feline Model of Obstructive Uropathy
,”
J. Urol. (Baltimore)
,
145
, pp.
859
863
.
8.
Wein, A. J., 1992, “Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract,” Campbell’s Urology, Sixth Edition, eds., P. C. Walsh, A. B. Retik, T. A. Stamy, and E. D. Vaughan, Jr., W. B. Saunders Company, PA, p. 573.
9.
Park
,
J. M.
,
Borer
,
J. G.
,
Freeman
,
M. R.
, and
Peters
,
C. A.
,
1998
, “
Stretch Activates Heparin-Binding EGF-Like Growth Factor Expression in Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells
,”
Am. J. Physiol.
,
275
, pp.
1247
1254
.
10.
Coplen, D. E., Howard, P. S., Duckett, J. W., Snyder, H. M., and Macarak, E., 1995, “Cultured Bladder Cells and Their Response to Mechanical Strain,” Muscle, Matrix, and Bladder Function, ed. S. Zedric, Plenum Press, NY, p. 207.
11.
Baskin
,
L. S.
,
Howard
,
P. S.
, and
Macarak
,
E.
,
1993
, “
Effect of Physical Forces on Bladder Smooth Muscle and Urothelium
,”
J. Urol. (Baltimore)
,
150
, pp.
601
607
.
12.
Kaefer
,
M.
,
Andler
,
R.
,
Haberstroh
,
K. M.
,
Vemulapalli
,
S.
,
Retik
,
A. B.
,
Freeman
,
M. R.
, and
Bizios
,
R.
,
1998
, “
Physiologic Levels of Hydrostatic Pressure Result in Upregulation of Heparin Binding EGF Like Growth Factor (HB-EGF) in Cultured Neonatal Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells
,”
Pediatrics
,
102
, p.
863
863
.
13.
Backhaus
,
B. O.
,
Kaefer
,
M.
,
Bizios
,
R.
,
Rink
,
R. C.
,
Nagatomi
,
J.
, and
Haberstroh
,
K. M.
,
2000
, “
Alterations in the Molecular Determinants of Bladder Compliance at Hydrostatic Pressures Below 40 cm H2O,
J. Urol. (Baltimore)
, submitted for publication.
14.
Smith, D. B., Sacks, M. S., Chancellor, M. B., and Block, N. L., 1999, “In Vivo Surface Geometric Analysis of the Urinary Bladder (abstr.),” Proc., Bioengineering Conference, 42 (BED), pp. 215–216.
15.
Gilbert
,
J. A.
,
Weinhold
,
P. S.
,
Banes
,
A. J.
,
Link
,
G. W.
, and
Jones
,
G. L.
,
1994
, “
Strain Profiles for Circular Cell Culture Plates Containing Flexible Surfaces Employed to Mechanically Deform Cells In Vitro
,”
J. Biomech.
,
27
, No.
9
, pp.
1169
1177
.
16.
Haberstroh
,
K. M.
,
Kaefer
,
M.
,
Retik
,
A. B.
,
Freeman
,
M.
, and
Bizios
,
R.
,
1999
, “
The Effects of Sustained Hydrostatic Pressure on Select Bladder Smooth Muscle Cell Functions
,”
J. Urol. (Baltimore)
,
162
, No.
6
, pp.
2114
2118
.
17.
Mitamura
,
T.
,
Higashiyama
,
S.
,
Taniguchi
,
N.
,
Klagsbrun
,
M.
, and
Mekada
,
E.
,
1995
, “
Diptheria Toxin Binds to the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-like Domain of Human Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor/Diptheria Toxin Receptor and Inhibits Specifically Its Mitogenic Activity
,”
J. Biol. Chem.
,
270
, No.
3
, pp.
1015
1019
.
18.
Haberstroh
,
K. M.
,
Kaefer
,
M.
, and
Bizios
,
R.
,
2000
, “
Inhibition of Pressure Induced Bladder Smooth Muscle Cell Hyperplasia Using CRM197
,”
J. Urol. (Baltimore)
,
164
, No.
4
, pp.
1329
1333
.
19.
Kato
,
K.
,
Wein
,
A. J.
,
Longhurst
,
P. A.
,
Haugaard
,
N.
, and
Levin
,
R. M.
,
1990
, “
The Functional Effects of Long-Term Outlet Obstruction on the Rabbit Urinary Bladder
,”
J. Urol. (Baltimore)
,
143
, pp.
600
606
.
20.
Ewalt
,
D. H.
,
Howard
,
P. S.
,
Blyth
,
B.
,
Snyder
,
H. M.
,
Duckett
,
J. W.
,
Levin
,
R. M.
, and
Macarak
,
E. J.
,
1992
, “
Is Lamina Propria Matrix Responsible for Normal Bladder Compliance?
J. Urol. (Baltimore)
,
148
, pp.
544
549
.
21.
Griffiths
,
D. J.
,
van Mastrigt
,
R.
,
van Duyl
,
W. A.
, and
Coolsaet
,
B. L. R. A.
,
1979
, “
Active Mechanical Properties of the Smooth Muscle of the Urinary Bladder
,”
Med. Biol. Eng. Comput.
,
17
, pp.
281
290
.
You do not currently have access to this content.